Built-in Functions

Nubo includes a set of built-in functions and values that are available globally.

These functions cover console output, type inspection, conversion, runtime helpers, errors, environment variables, regex support, highlighting, and debugging.

Output

Use print and println to write values to the console.

print("Hello, ")
println("Nubo")

print(...)

Writes values without automatically adding a newline.

print("Loading...")
print("done")

println(...)

Writes values and ends the line.

println("Hello")
println("Age:", 19)

Type and Value Inspection

Nubo provides helpers for inspecting values at runtime.

type(obj: any) -> string

Returns the public type name of a value.

println(type("hello")) // string
println(type(123))     // int
println(type(true))    // bool

_type(obj: any) -> string

Returns a lower-level or internal type name.

println(_type([1, 2, 3]))

_id(obj: any) -> string

Returns the internal object ID for a value.

let user = "Martin"

println(_id(user))

inspect(obj: any) -> string

Returns a detailed string representation of a value.

let values = [1, 2, 3]

println(inspect(values))

memsize(obj: any) -> int

Returns the memory size of a value.

let text = "Nubo"

println(memsize(text))

valueof(obj: any) -> any

Returns the underlying value of an object.

let value = valueof("hello")

println(value)

Length and Concatenation

len(object: any) -> int

Returns the length of a supported value.

This is commonly used with strings, lists, and collection-like values.

println(len("Nubo"))    // 4
println(len([1, 2, 3])) // 3

concat(...)

Concatenates values.

let name = concat("Nu", "bo")

println(name) // Nubo

Type Checking

typecheck(typ: type, value: any) -> bool

Checks whether a value matches a type object.

println(typecheck(string, "hello")) // true
println(typecheck(int, "hello"))    // false

References and Cloning

Nubo includes helpers for working with references and copied values.

ref(obj: any) -> any

Returns a reference to a value.

let value = "Nubo"
let valueRef = ref(value)

println(valueRef)

unwrap(obj: any) -> any

Unwraps a referenced or wrapped value.

let value = "Nubo"
let valueRef = ref(value)

println(unwrap(valueRef))

clone(obj: any) -> any

Creates a clone of a value.

let list = [1, 2, 3]
let copied = clone(list)

println(copied)

Runtime Control

sleep(ms: int = 0) -> void

Pauses execution for the given number of milliseconds.

println("Waiting...")
sleep(1000)
println("Done")

exit(code: int = 0) -> void

Exits the program with an optional exit code.

exit(0)

Environment Variables

env(name: string, value: string? = nil) -> string?

Reads or sets an environment variable.

When called with only a name, it returns the current value.

let home = env("HOME")

println(home)

When called with a name and value, it sets the environment variable.

env("APP_ENV", "development")

println(env("APP_ENV"))

If the variable does not exist, the function may return nil.

let missing = env("UNKNOWN_VARIABLE")

println(isNil(missing))

Errors

panic(message: string)

Stops execution with an error message.

panic("Something went wrong")

isNil(obj: any) -> bool

Checks whether a value is nil.

let value = nil

println(isNil(value)) // true

Type Conversion

Nubo provides built-in conversion functions for common types.

string(obj: any) -> string

Converts a value to a string.

println(string(123)) // "123"

int(obj: any) -> int

Converts a value to an integer.

println(int("42"))
println(int(3.9))

float(obj: any) -> float

Converts a value to a float.

println(float("3.14"))
println(float(10))

bool(obj: any) -> bool

Converts a value to a boolean.

println(bool(1))
println(bool(""))

byte(obj: any) -> byte

Converts a value to a byte.

let b = byte(65)

println(b)

char(obj: any) -> char

Converts a value to a character.

let c = char(65)

println(c)

bytes(obj: any) -> []byte

Converts a value to a list of bytes.

let data = bytes("Nubo")

println(data)

Ranges

range

range is a built-in helper for creating numeric ranges.

It is useful for loops and repeated operations.

for i in range(0, 5) {
    println(i)
}

Depending on the range API available in your version of Nubo, range may expose additional methods or forms.

for i in range(5) {
    println(i)
}

Syntax Highlighting

highlight(code: string, mode: string = "console") -> string

Highlights source code and returns the highlighted output as a string.

The default mode is "console".

let code = "println(\"Hello\")"

println(highlight(code))

You can also pass a mode explicitly.

let code = "println(\"Hello\")"

println(highlight(code, "console"))

Regular Expressions

regex

regex provides built-in regular expression support.

let re = regex("[a-z]+")

println(re)

The exact available methods depend on the regex object returned by the built-in regex() helper.

Common regex-style operations include matching, searching, and replacing text.

let pattern = regex("[0-9]+")

println(pattern)

Debugging

xdbg(...)

Debug helper for inspecting runtime values.

let user = {
    name: "Martin"
}

xdbg(user)

This function is intended for debugging and development.

Version

__version__

The current Nubo version string.

println(__version__)

Built-in Function Reference

Name	Signature	Description
_id	_id(obj: any) -> string	Returns the internal object ID.
println	println(...)	Prints values with a newline.
print	print(...)	Prints values without a newline.
type	type(obj: any) -> string	Returns the public type name.
_type	_type(obj: any) -> string	Returns the internal type name.
memsize	memsize(obj: any) -> int	Returns the memory size of a value.
inspect	inspect(obj: any) -> string	Returns a detailed representation of a value.
sleep	sleep(ms: int = 0) -> void	Pauses execution.
ref	ref(obj: any) -> any	Returns a reference to a value.
unwrap	unwrap(obj: any) -> any	Unwraps a wrapped or referenced value.
clone	clone(obj: any) -> any	Clones a value.
exit	exit(code: int = 0) -> void	Exits the program.
range	range	Range helper for iteration.
env	env(name: string, value: string? = nil) -> string?	Gets or sets environment variables.
concat	concat(...)	Concatenates values.
len	len(object: any) -> int	Returns the length of a value.
typecheck	typecheck(typ: type, value: any) -> bool	Checks whether a value matches a type.
panic	panic(message: string)	Stops execution with an error.
isNil	isNil(obj: any) -> bool	Checks whether a value is nil.
string	string(obj: any) -> string	Converts a value to a string.
int	int(obj: any) -> int	Converts a value to an integer.
float	float(obj: any) -> float	Converts a value to a float.
bool	bool(obj: any) -> bool	Converts a value to a boolean.
byte	byte(obj: any) -> byte	Converts a value to a byte.
char	char(obj: any) -> char	Converts a value to a character.
bytes	bytes(obj: any) -> []byte	Converts a value to bytes.
valueof	valueof(obj: any) -> any	Returns the underlying value.
highlight	highlight(code: string, mode: string = "console") -> string	Highlights source code.
regex	regex(...)	Provides regular expression support.
xdbg	xdbg(...)	Debug helper.
__version__	string	Current Nubo version.